PVD deposition fasahar da aka aikata shekaru da yawa a matsayin wani sabon surface gyare-gyare fasaha, musamman injin shafi fasahar, wanda ya sami babban ci gaba a cikin 'yan shekarun nan kuma yanzu yadu amfani a lura da kayan aiki, molds, piston zobba, gears da sauran aka gyara. .Gishiri mai rufi da aka shirya ta hanyar fasahar suturar vacuum ion na iya rage ƙimar juzu'i sosai, haɓaka rigakafin sawa da wasu ɓarna, kuma sun zama wurin mai da hankali da wuri mai zafi na bincike a fagen haɓaka fasahar haɓaka kaya.
Abubuwan gama gari da ake amfani da su don gears sun fi ƙarfin ƙarfe, simintin ƙarfe, simintin ƙarfe, ƙarfe mara ƙarfe (tagulla, aluminum) da robobi.Karfe yafi karfe 45, 35SiMn, 40Cr, 40CrNi, 40MnB, 38CrMoAl.Low karfen carbon da aka fi amfani dashi a cikin 20Cr, 20CrMnTi, 20MnB, 20CrMnTo.Karfe na jabu an fi amfani da shi sosai a cikin kayan aiki saboda kyawun aikinsa, yayin da simintin ƙarfe galibi ana amfani da shi don kera kayan aikin da diamita> 400mm da kuma tsari mai rikitarwa.Cast iron Gears anti-manne da pitting juriya, amma rashin tasiri da juriya ga juriya, yafi ga barga aiki, iko ba low gudun ko babban size da hadaddun siffar, iya aiki a karkashin yanayin da rashin lubrication , dace da budewa. watsawa.Karfe da ba na tafe ba da aka fi amfani da shi shine kwano tagulla, tagulla-baƙin ƙarfe da simintin aluminum, wanda aka fi amfani da shi wajen kera injina ko gears, amma kayan zamewa da hana gogayya ba su da kyau, kawai don haske, matsakaicin nauyi da ƙananan sauri. gears.Kayan kayan da ba na ƙarfe ba ana amfani da su musamman a wasu fagage tare da buƙatu na musamman, kamar lubrication maras mai da babban abin dogaro.Fannin yanayi kamar ƙarancin ƙazanta, kamar kayan aikin gida, kayan aikin likita, injinan abinci da injin ɗin yadi.
Gear shafi kayan
Kayan aikin yumbu na injiniya sune kayan aiki masu ban sha'awa tare da ƙarfin ƙarfi da taurin kai, musamman kyakkyawan juriya na zafi, ƙarancin ƙarancin zafi da haɓakar thermal, babban juriya da juriya da iskar shaka.Yawancin bincike sun nuna cewa kayan yumbura suna da juriya na zafi kuma suna da ƙarancin lalacewa akan karafa.Sabili da haka, yin amfani da kayan yumbura maimakon kayan ƙarfe don sassa masu jurewa na iya inganta rayuwar juzu'in juzu'i, na iya saduwa da wasu manyan zafin jiki da kayan da ba su da ƙarfi, ayyuka masu yawa da sauran buƙatu masu ƙarfi.A halin yanzu, an yi amfani da kayan aikin yumbu na injiniya a cikin kera sassan injin da ke jure zafi, watsa injina a cikin sassan lalacewa, kayan aikin sinadarai a cikin sassan da ba su da ƙarfi da kuma sassan rufewa, suna ƙara nuna fa'idar aikace-aikacen yumbu mai yiwuwa.
Kasashe da suka ci gaba kamar Jamus, Japan, Amurka, Burtaniya da sauran kasashe suna ba da muhimmanci sosai ga haɓakawa da aikace-aikacen kayan yumbura na injiniya, suna ba da kuɗi da yawa da ma'aikata don haɓaka ka'idar sarrafawa da fasaha na yumbu injiniyoyi.Jamus ta ƙaddamar da wani shiri mai suna "SFB442" wanda manufarsa ita ce ta yi amfani da fasahar PVD don haɗa fim ɗin da ya dace a saman sassan sassan don maye gurbin mai yuwuwar cutarwa ga muhalli da jikin ɗan adam.PW Gold da sauransu a cikin Jamus sun yi amfani da kuɗin daga SFB442 don amfani da fasahar PVD don saka fina-finai na bakin ciki a saman saman birgima kuma sun gano cewa an inganta aikin rigakafin rigar birgima kuma fina-finan da aka ajiye a saman na iya maye gurbin gaba ɗaya. aiki na matsananciyar matsa lamba anti-wear additives.Joachim, Franz et al.a Jamus sun yi amfani da fasahar PVD don shirya fina-finai na WC/C da ke nuna kyawawan kayan aikin anti-gajiya, fiye da na lubricants dauke da abubuwan EP, sakamakon haka yana haifar da yiwuwar maye gurbin abubuwan da ke cutarwa tare da sutura.E. Lugscheider et al.na Cibiyar Kimiyyar Materials, Jami'ar Fasaha ta Aachen, Jamus, tare da kudade daga DFG (Hukumar Bincike ta Jamus), ya nuna karuwa mai yawa a cikin juriya na gajiya bayan ajiye fina-finai masu dacewa akan karfe 100Cr6 ta amfani da fasahar PVD.Bugu da kari, da Amurka General Motors ya fara a cikin VolvoS80Turbo irin mota kaya surface jijjiga fim don inganta gajiya pitting juriya;Shahararren kamfanin Timken ya kaddamar da sunan ES200 gear surface film;Alamar kasuwanci mai rijista MAXIT murfin gear ya bayyana a Jamus;Alamar kasuwanci mai rijista Graphit-iC da Dymon-iC bi da bi Gear sutura tare da alamun kasuwanci masu rijista Graphit-iC da Dymon-iC suma ana samunsu a Burtaniya.
A matsayin muhimmin sassa na watsa kayan aikin injiniya, gears suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin masana'antu, don haka yana da matukar mahimmanci a aikace don nazarin aikace-aikacen kayan yumbu a kan gears.A halin yanzu, yumburan injiniyoyin da ake amfani da su a kan ginshiƙan sun fi kamar haka.
1, TiN shafi Layer
1, Tin
Ion shafi TiN yumbu Layer ne daya daga cikin mafi yadu amfani surface modified coatings da high taurin, high mannewa ƙarfi, low gogayya coefficient, mai kyau lalata juriya, da dai sauransu An yadu amfani da daban-daban filayen, musamman a kayan aiki da mold masana'antu.Babban dalilin da ya shafi aikace-aikacen yumbu a kan gears shine matsalar haɗin kai tsakanin suturar yumbura da substrate.Tun da yanayin aiki da abubuwan da ke da tasiri na gears sun fi rikitarwa fiye da na kayan aiki da gyare-gyare, aikace-aikacen shafi na TiN guda ɗaya a kan jiyya na gear yana da ƙuntatawa sosai.Ko da yake yumbu rufi yana da abũbuwan amfãni daga high taurin, low gogayya coefficient da lalata juriya, shi ne gaggautsa da wuya a samu wani lokacin farin ciki shafi, don haka yana bukatar wani babban tauri da kuma high ƙarfi substrate don tallafawa da shafi domin wasa da halaye.Saboda haka, yumbu rufi mafi yawa amfani ga carbide da high-gudun karfe surface.Kayan kayan aiki yana da laushi idan aka kwatanta da kayan yumbura, kuma bambanci tsakanin yanayin da ake ciki da kuma rufi yana da girma, don haka haɗuwa da suturar da aka yi da shi ba shi da kyau, kuma murfin bai isa ba don tallafawa suturar, yin amfani da shi. rufi mai sauƙin faɗuwa a cikin aiwatar da amfani, ba wai kawai ba zai iya wasa da fa'idodin yumbu mai yumbu ba, amma ɓangarorin yumbura da ke faɗuwa zai haifar da lalacewa a kan kayan aiki, yana hanzarta haɓaka asarar kayan.Magani na yanzu shine a yi amfani da fasahar jiyya mai hade don inganta haɗin gwiwa tsakanin yumbu da ƙasa.Fasahar jiyya mai hadewa tana nufin haɗuwa da murfin tururi na jiki da sauran hanyoyin jiyya na ƙasa ko sutura, ta yin amfani da filaye daban-daban / abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasa don gyara saman kayan aikin don samun kaddarorin injiniyoyi waɗanda ba za a iya samu ta hanyar tsarin jiyya ɗaya ɗaya ba. .TiN mai haɗaɗɗen rufin da aka ajiye ta ion nitriding da PVD yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da aka haɗa da bincike.Matsakaicin nitriding na plasma da TiN yumbu haɗe-haɗe suna da alaƙa mai ƙarfi kuma juriyar lalacewa ta inganta sosai.
Mafi kyawun kauri na Layer fim na TiN tare da kyakkyawan juriya da juriya da haɗin gwiwar fim shine kusan 3 ~ 4μm.Idan kauri daga cikin fim ɗin Layer bai wuce 2μm ba, juriya na lalacewa ba za a inganta sosai ba.Idan kauri daga cikin fim ɗin Layer ya fi 5μm, za a rage haɗin ginin fim ɗin.
2, Multi-Layer, Multi-bangaren TiN shafi
Tare da sannu-sannu da yaɗuwar aikace-aikacen suturar TiN, ana samun ƙarin bincike kan yadda ake haɓakawa da haɓaka suturar TiN.In recent years, multi-component coatings and multilayer coatings have been developed based on binary TiN coatings, such as Ti-CN, Ti-CNB, Ti-Al-N, Ti-BN, (Tix,Cr1-x)N, TiN / Al2O3, da dai sauransu Ta hanyar ƙara abubuwa irin su Al da Si to TiN coatings, za a iya inganta juriya ga oxidation mai zafi da rashin ƙarfi na sutura, yayin da ƙara abubuwa irin su B na iya inganta ƙarfin da mannewa na sutura.
Saboda sarkar da ke tattare da abubuwa masu yawa, ana samun cece-kuce a cikin wannan binciken.A cikin binciken (Tix, Cr1-x) N multicomponent coatings, akwai babban rikici a cikin sakamakon bincike.Wasu mutane sun yi imanin cewa (Tix, Cr1-x) N sun dogara ne akan TiN, kuma Cr na iya zama kawai a cikin hanyar maye gurbin ingantaccen bayani a cikin TiN dot matrix, amma ba azaman lokaci na CrN daban ba.Sauran nazarin sun nuna cewa adadin Cr atom da ke maye gurbin Ti atom a cikin (Tix, Cr1-x) N yana da iyaka, kuma sauran Cr yana samuwa a cikin jihar singlet ko samar da mahadi tare da N. Sakamakon gwaji ya nuna cewa ƙarin Cr zuwa rufi yana rage girman barbashi kuma yana ƙara taurin, kuma taurin murfin ya kai darajarsa mafi girma lokacin da yawan adadin Cr ya kai 3l%, amma damuwa na ciki na murfin kuma ya kai iyakar darajarsa.
3. Sauran shafi Layer
Baya ga abin rufe fuska na TiN da aka saba amfani da shi, ana amfani da yumbun injiniyoyi daban-daban don ƙarfafa saman kaya.
(1) Y.Terauchi et al.na Japan yayi nazarin juriya ga juriyar lalacewa na titanium carbide ko titanium nitride yumbu gears wanda aka ajiye ta hanyar tururi.The gears aka carburized da goge don cimma wani surface taurin na game da HV720 da wani surface roughness na 2.4 μm kafin shafi, da yumbu coatings aka shirya da sinadaran tururi jijiya (CVD) ga titanium carbide da kuma ta jiki tururi jijiya (PVD) domin. titanium nitride, tare da fim ɗin yumbu mai kauri na kusan 2 μm.An bincika kaddarorin lalacewa a gaban mai da bushewar gogayya, bi da bi.An gano cewa juriya na galling da juriya na ma'aunin kayan aikin an inganta su sosai bayan shafa da yumbu.
(2)Hanɗen rufin Ni-P da TiN da aka yi da sinadarai an shirya su ta hanyar riga-kafin Ni-P azaman madaurin canji sannan a ajiye TiN.Binciken ya nuna cewa an inganta taurin saman wannan nau'i mai nau'i na nau'i na nau'i na musamman, kuma suturar ta fi dacewa da ma'auni kuma ya fi dacewa da juriya.
(3) WC/C, Fim na bakin ciki B4C
M. Murakawa et al., Ma'aikatar Injiniyan Injiniya, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Japan, ta yi amfani da fasahar PVD don saka fim ɗin WC/C na bakin ciki a saman gears, kuma rayuwar sabis ɗin ta sau uku na na yau da kullun da aka kashe da ƙasa a ƙarƙashin mai. free lubrication yanayi.Franz J et al.amfani da fasahar PVD don saka WC / C da B4C na bakin ciki fim a saman FEZ-A da FEZ-C gears, kuma gwajin ya nuna cewa murfin PVD ya rage girman juzu'in gear, ya sa kayan ya zama ƙasa da sauƙi ga gluing mai zafi ko gluing, kuma ya inganta ƙarfin ɗaukar kaya na kayan aiki.
(4) Fina-finan CrN
Fina-finan CrN sun yi kama da fina-finan TiN saboda suna da tauri mafi girma, kuma fina-finai na CrN sun fi TiN juriya ga yanayin zafi mai zafi fiye da TiN, suna da mafi kyawun juriya na lalata, ƙarancin damuwa na ciki fiye da fina-finai na TiN, kuma in mun gwada da inganci.Chen Ling et ya shirya fim ɗin TiAlCrN/CrN mai jure lalacewa tare da kyakkyawan haɗin gwiwa na tushen fim akan saman HSS, kuma ya ba da shawarar ka'idar stacking na fim ɗin multilayer, idan rarrabuwar makamashi tsakanin yadudduka biyu ya yi girma, rarrabuwar ta faru. a cikin Layer ɗaya zai yi wuya a haye masarrafarsa zuwa ɗayan Layer, don haka samar da ɓarnawar ɓarna a wurin dubawa kuma yana taka rawar ƙarfafa kayan.Zhong Bin et ya yi nazari kan tasirin sinadarin nitrogen akan tsarin zamani da kaddarorin lalacewa na fina-finai na CrNx, kuma binciken ya nuna cewa kololuwar Cr2N (211) a cikin fina-finan ya ragu sannu a hankali kuma kololuwar CrN (220) tana karuwa a hankali tare da karuwa. na N2 abun ciki, manyan barbashi a kan fim din sun ragu sannu a hankali kuma saman yana son zama lebur.Lokacin da N2 aeration ya kasance 25 ml / min (manufa tushen arc halin yanzu shine 75 A, fim ɗin CrN da aka ajiye yana da inganci mai kyau, mai kyau tauri da ingantaccen juriya lokacin da N2 aeration shine 25ml / min (manufa tushen arc halin yanzu shine 75A, korau). matsa lamba shine 100V).
(5) Superhard film
Superhard fim ne m fim tare da taurin fiye da 40GPa, m lalacewa juriya, high zafin jiki juriya da low gogayya coefficient da low thermal fadada coefficient, yafi amorphous lu'u-lu'u fim da CN fim.Fina-finan lu'u-lu'u na amorphous suna da kaddarorin amorphous, ba su da tsari mai tsayi mai tsayi, kuma suna ɗauke da adadi mai yawa na CC tetrahedral bonds, don haka ana kiran su tetrahedral amorphous carbon films.A matsayin nau'in fim ɗin carbon amorphous, lu'u-lu'u-kamar lu'u-lu'u (DLC) yana da kyawawan kaddarorin kama da lu'u-lu'u, irin su high thermal conductivity, high hardness, high na roba modules, low coefficient na thermal fadada, mai kyau sinadaran kwanciyar hankali, mai kyau lalacewa juriya da kuma low gogayya coefficient.An nuna cewa rufe fina-finai masu kama da lu'u-lu'u a saman kayan aiki na iya tsawaita rayuwar sabis ta hanyar 6 kuma yana inganta juriya ga gajiya sosai.CN fina-finai, kuma aka sani da amorphous carbon-nitrogen fina-finai, da crystal tsarin kama na β-Si3N4 covalent mahadi da kuma aka sani da β-C3N4.Liu da Cohen et al.yi m m ka'idar lissafin yin amfani da pseudopotential band lissafin daga farko-halitta manufa , ya tabbatar da cewa β-C3N4 yana da babban dauri makamashi, wani barga inji tsarin, a kalla daya sub-barga jihar iya zama, kuma ta na roba modulus ne m zuwa lu'u-lu'u. tare da kyawawan kaddarorin, wanda zai iya haɓaka taurin saman yadda ya kamata kuma ya sa juriya na abu da rage juzu'in ƙira.
(6) Sauran alloy lalacewa-resistant shafi Layer
An kuma yi kokarin sanya wasu kayan kwalliyar da ba su iya jurewa a jikin kayan aiki, alal misali, jibgewar Ni-P-Co alloy Layer a saman hakori na 45 # karfe gears ne alloy Layer don samun ultra-fine hatsi kungiyar, wanda zai iya tsawaita rayuwa har zuwa 1.144 ~ 1.533 sau.Har ila yau, an yi nazarin cewa ana amfani da Layer Cu metal Layer da Ni-W alloy shafi a saman haƙorin Cu-Cr-P alloy cast iron gear don inganta ƙarfinsa;Ni-W da Ni-Co shafi alloy ana amfani da su a kan haƙoran haƙora na HT250 simintin ƙarfe don haɓaka juriya ta sau 4 ~ 6 idan aka kwatanta da kayan da ba a rufe ba.
Lokacin aikawa: Nuwamba-07-2022