Itekhnoloji yokwambathisa igiya

Itekhnoloji yokubeka iPVD ibisenziwa iminyaka emininzi njengetekhnoloji entsha yokuguqulwa komphezulu, ngakumbi itekhnoloji yokucoca i-vacuum ion, eye yafumana uphuhliso olukhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje kwaye ngoku isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kunyango lwezixhobo, ukubumba, amakhonkco episton, iigiya kunye namanye amacandelo. .Iigiya ezigqunyiweyo ezilungiselelwe yitekhnoloji yokwambatha ye-vacuum ion inokunciphisa kakhulu i-coefficient yokukhuhlana, iphucule i-anti-wear kunye ne-anti-corrosion ethile, kwaye ibe yinto ekugxilwe kuyo kunye nendawo eshushu yophando kwicandelo letekhnoloji yokomeleza umphezulu wegiya.

Izinto eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziselwa iigiya ziyintsimbi eyenziweyo, intsimbi etyhidiweyo, isinyithi esityhidiweyo, isinyithi esingenawo isinyithi (ithusi, i-aluminium) kunye neeplastiki.Insimbi ubukhulu becala yintsimbi ye-45, i-35SiMn, i-40Cr, i-40CrNi, i-40MnB, i-38CrMoAl.Intsimbi ephantsi yekhabhoni esetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-20Cr, 20CrMnTi, 20MnB, 20CrMnTo.Intsimbi eyenziweyo isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiigiya ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo ngcono, ngelixa intsimbi etyhidiweyo idla ngokusetyenziselwa ukwenza izixhobo ezinobubanzi> 400mm kunye nesakhiwo esinzima.Izixhobo zentsimbi ezichasene neglue kunye nokuchasana kwe-pitting, kodwa ukungabikho kwempembelelo kunye nokumelana nokunxiba, ubukhulu becala kumsebenzi ozinzileyo, amandla akakho isantya esiphantsi okanye ubukhulu obukhulu kunye nokumila okuntsokothileyo, kunokusebenza phantsi kwemeko yokungabikho kokuthambisa, ilungele ukuvula. usulelo.Iintsimbi ezingezizo intsimbi ezidla ngokusetyenziswa yintsimbi yobhedu, i-aluminiyam-yentsimbi yobhedu kunye ne-aluminium yokugalela ingxubevange, edla ngokusetyenziswa xa kusenziwa iiinjini zomoya okanye iigiya, kodwa iimpawu zokutyibilika kunye nokuchasana nokukhuhlana zilambatha, kukukhanya, umthwalo ophakathi kunye nesantya esiphantsi. izixhobo.Iigiya zemathiriyeli engeyiyo eyentsimbi zisetyenziswa ikakhulu kwezinye iindawo ezineemfuno ezikhethekileyo, njengokuthambisa ioyile kunye nokuthembeka okuphezulu.Indawo yeemeko ezinjengongcoliseko oluphantsi, njengezixhobo zekhaya, izixhobo zonyango, oomatshini bokutya kunye noomatshini belaphu.

Izixhobo zokugquma igiya

Izixhobo ze-ceramic zobunjineli zizinto ezithembisa kakhulu ezinamandla aphezulu kunye nokuqina, ngakumbi ukumelana nobushushu obugqwesileyo, ukuhanjiswa kwe-thermal ephantsi kunye nokwandiswa kwe-thermal, ukumelana nokunxiba okuphezulu kunye nokumelana ne-oxidation.Inani elikhulu lophononongo lubonise ukuba izinto ze-ceramic ziyakwazi ukumelana nobushushu kwaye zinxitywe kancinci kwiintsimbi.Ngoko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ze-ceramic endaweni yezixhobo zetsimbi kwiindawo zokunxiba zingaphucula ubomi be-friction sub, inokuhlangabezana nobushushu obuphezulu kunye nezixhobo eziphezulu zokunxiba, izinto ezininzi ezisebenzayo kunye nezinye iimfuno ezinzima.Okwangoku, izixhobo ze-ceramic zobunjineli zisetyenzisiwe ekwenziweni kweenjini zokumelana nobushushu, ukuhanjiswa koomatshini kwiindawo ezinxitywayo, izixhobo zekhemikhali kwiindawo ezinganyangekiyo kwi-corrosion kunye neendawo zokutywina, zibonisa ngakumbi ukusetyenziswa okubanzi kwezinto ezilindelweyo ze-ceramic.

Amazwe aphuhlileyo anjengeJamani, iJapan, iUnited States, iUnited Kingdom kunye namanye amazwe ancamathela ukubaluleka okukhulu kuphuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zobunjineli zeceramic, ukutyala imali eninzi kunye nabasebenzi ukuphuhlisa ithiyori yokucubungula kunye nobuchwepheshe bobunjineli beseramikhi.IJamani iye yaphehlelela inkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi “SFB442″, injongo yayo kukusebenzisa itekhnoloji yePVD ukwenza ifilimu efanelekileyo kumphezulu wamalungu ukuze ithathe indawo yesixhobo sokuthambisa esinokuba yingozi kokusingqongileyo kunye nomzimba womntu.I-PW Gold kunye nabanye baseJamani basebenzise inkxaso-mali evela kwi-SFB442 ukusebenzisa iteknoloji ye-PVD ukufaka iifilimu ezincinci kumphezulu weebheringi eziqengqelekayo kwaye bafumanisa ukuba ukusebenza okuchasene nokunxiba kweebheringi eziqengqelekayo kuphuculwe kakhulu kwaye iifilimu ezifakwe kumphezulu zinokuthatha indawo ngokupheleleyo. umsebenzi woxinzelelo olugqithisileyo lwezongezo ezichasene nokunxiba.UJoachim, uFranz et al.eJamani yasebenzisa iteknoloji yePVD ukulungiselela iifilimu zeWC/C ezibonisa iimpawu ezibalaseleyo zokulwa nokudinwa, eziphakamileyo kunezo zithambiso eziqulethe izongezo ze-EP, umphumo ovelisa ngokufanayo ithuba lokutshintsha izongezo eziyingozi kunye neengubo.E. Lugscheider et al.yeZiko leSayensi yeMpahla, iYunivesithi yobuGcisa yaseAachen, eJamani, ngenkxaso-mali evela kwi-DFG (iKhomishoni yoPhando lwaseJamani), ibonise ukwanda okubonakalayo kokumelana nokudinwa emva kokufaka iifilimu ezifanelekileyo kwi-100Cr6 yentsimbi isebenzisa iteknoloji ye-PVD.Ukongeza, i-United States General Motors iqalile kwifilimu yayo ye-VolvoS80Turbo yohlobo lwegiya yemoto yokuphucula ukudinwa kwemigodi;inkampani edumileyo yaseTimken isungule igama lefilimu yegiya ye-ES200;uphawu lwentengiso olubhalisiweyo MAXIT yokwambathisa gear uye wabonakala eJamani;uphawu lwentengiso olubhalisiweyo iGraphit-iC kunye neDymon-iC ngokulandelelanayo Iingubo zeGear ezineempawu zorhwebo ezibhalisiweyo iGraphit-iC neDymon-iC nazo ziyafumaneka e-UK.

Njengeendawo ezibalulekileyo zokuhanjiswa koomatshini, iigiya zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kushishino, ngoko kubaluleke kakhulu ukubaluleka kokufunda usetyenziso lwemathiriyeli yeceramic kwiigiya.Okwangoku, ii-ceramics zobunjineli ezisetyenziswa kwiigiyeri ikakhulu zilandelayo.

1. Umaleko wokugquma weTiN
1, iTiN

Ion yokwaleka i-TiN yomaleko we-ceramic yenye yezona zinto zisetyenziswa kakhulu phantsi kweengubo eziguquliweyo ezinobunzima obuphezulu, amandla anamathele aphezulu, i-coefficient ephantsi ye-friction, i-corrosion resistance resistance, njl njl. Isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo, ngakumbi kwisixhobo kunye noshishino lokubumba.Esona sizathu siphambili esichaphazela ukusetyenziswa kwe-ceramic coating kwi-gear yingxaki yokudibanisa phakathi kwe-ceramic coating kunye ne-substrate.Kuba iimeko zokusebenza kunye nezinto eziphembelela iigiya zintsonkothe ​​kakhulu kunezo zixhobo kunye nokungunda, ukusetyenziswa kwe-TiN enye yokwambathisa kunyango lomphezulu wegiya kuthintelwe kakhulu.Nangona ukutyabeka nge-ceramic kuneengenelo zokuqina okuphezulu, i-coefficient ephantsi ye-friction kunye nokumelana nomhlwa, i-brittle kwaye inzima ukufumana i-coat engqindilili, ngoko ifuna ubulukhuni obuphezulu kunye ne-substrate ephezulu yokuxhasa i-coefficient ukuze idlale iimpawu zayo.Ke ngoko, i-ceramic coating isetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-carbide kunye nesantya esiphezulu sentsimbi.Izinto zegiya zithambile xa zithelekiswa nezinto ezenziwe ngeceramic, kwaye umahluko phakathi kobume be-substrate kunye nokwaleka mkhulu, ngoko ke udibaniso lokugquma kunye ne-substrate luhlwempuzekileyo, kwaye ukugquma akwanelanga ukuxhasa ukugquma, ukwenza. i-coating elula yokuwa kwinkqubo yokusetyenziswa, kungekhona nje kuphela ayikwazi ukudlala izibonelelo ze-ceramic coating, kodwa i-ceramic coating particles ewela phantsi iya kubangela ukuguqa kwe-abrasive kwi-gear, ukukhawuleza ukulahleka kwempahla.Isisombululo sangoku kukusebenzisa iteknoloji yonyango edibeneyo yokuphucula i-bond phakathi kwe-ceramic kunye ne-substrate.Itekhnoloji edityanisiweyo yonyango lomphezulu ibhekisa kwindibaniselwano yokwalekwa kokubekelwa umphunga kunye nezinye iinkqubo zokunyanga umphezulu okanye izaleko, kusetyenziswa imiphezulu emibini eyahlukeneyo/imiphezulu engaphantsi ukuguqula umphezulu wemathiriyeli engaphantsi ukuze kufumaneke iipropathi ezidibeneyo zomatshini ezingenako ukufezekiswa ngenkqubo enye yonyango lomphezulu. .I-TiN ehlanganisiweyo yokwaleka efakwe yi-ion nitriding kunye ne-PVD yenye yezona zinto ziphandwayo zotyatyeko eziyintlanganisela.I-plasma nitriding substrate kunye ne-TiN ceramic composite coating inebhondi eyomeleleyo kwaye ukuxhathisa ukunxiba kuphuculwe kakhulu.

Ubukhulu obufanelekileyo bomaleko wefilimu ye-TiN kunye nokumelana okugqwesileyo kokunxiba kunye nesiseko sefilimu edibeneyo malunga ne-3 ~ 4μm.Ukuba ubukhulu bomgca wefilimu bungaphantsi kwe-2μm, ukuxhatshazwa kokugqoka akuyi kuphuculwa kakhulu.Ukuba ubukhulu bomgca wefilimu bungaphezulu kwe-5μm, ukudibanisa isiseko sefilimu kuya kuncitshiswa.

I-2, i-Multi-layer, i-multi-component ye-TiN yokwambathisa

Ngokusetyenziswa ngokuthe ngcembe nangokusasazekileyo kotyatyazo lwe-TiN, kukho uphando oluninzi malunga nendlela yokuphucula kunye nokuphucula iingubo ze-TiN.Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, i-coatings enamacandelo amaninzi kunye ne-multilayer coatings ziye zaphuhliswa ngokusekwe kwi-binary TiN coatings, njenge-Ti-CN, i-Ti-CNB, i-Ti-Al-N, i-Ti-BN, (i-Tix, i-Cr1-x) N, i-TiN. / Al2O3, njl. Ngokongeza izinto ezifana ne-Al kunye ne-Si kwiingubo ze-TiN, ukuchasana ne-oxidation ephezulu yokushisa kunye nobunzima beengubo kunokuphuculwa, ngelixa ukongeza izinto ezifana ne-B kunokuphucula ubunzima kunye namandla okubambelela kwiingubo.

Ngenxa yobunzima bokuqulunqwa kwamacandelo amaninzi, kukho iingxabano ezininzi kolu phononongo.Kuphononongo lwe (Tix,Cr1-x)N yokwambathisa yamacandelo amaninzi, kukho impikiswano enkulu kwiziphumo zophando.Abanye abantu bakholelwa ukuba (i-Tix,Cr1-x)N yokugquma isekelwe kwi-TiN, kwaye i-Cr ingabakho kuphela ngendlela yokutshintsha isisombululo esiqinileyo kwi-TiN dot matrix, kodwa kungekhona njengesigaba se-CrN esahlukileyo.Olunye uphando lubonisa ukuba inani le-athom ze-Cr ezithatha indawo ngokuthe ngqo kwi-athom ye-Ti (Tix, Cr1-x) N yokugquma ilinganiselwe, kwaye i-Cr eseleyo ikhona kwimeko ye-singlett okanye iifom ze-compounds kunye ne-N. Iziphumo zovavanyo zibonisa ukuba ukongezwa kwe-Cr ukuya ukutyabeka kunciphisa ubungakanani amasuntswana umphezulu kwaye kwandisa ubulukhuni, kwaye ubulukhuni ukutyabeka ifikelela kwixabiso layo eliphezulu xa ipesenti ubunzima Cr ifikelela 3l%, kodwa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi ukutyabeka kwakhona ukufikelela ixabiso layo eliphezulu.

3. Omnye umaleko wokugquma

Ukongeza kwiingubo zeTiN ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo, iikeramikhi ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zobunjineli zisetyenziselwa ukomeleza umphezulu wegiya.

(1)Y.Terauchi et al.waseJapan wafunda ukuxhathisa ukunxitywa kwe-titanium carbide okanye i-titanium nitride ceramic gears ezifakwe ngendlela yokubeka umphunga.Iigiya zahluzwa zaze zagudiswa ukuze zifikelele kubunzima bomphezulu obumalunga ne-HV720 kunye noburhabaxa bomphezulu obuyi-2.4 μm phambi kokugqunywa, kwaye izinto zokugquma ngeceramic zalungiswa ngokufakwa kwekhemikhali yomphunga (CVD) ye-titanium carbide kunye nokubekwa komphunga womzimba (PVD) i-titanium nitride, kunye nobukhulu befilimu ye-ceramic malunga ne-2 μm.Iipropati zokugqoka ezikhukhulayo zaphandwa phambi kweoli kunye ne-friction eyomileyo, ngokulandelanayo.Kwafunyaniswa ukuba ukuxhathisa kwe-galling kunye nokumelana nokukrweleka kwesixhobo segiya kwandiswa kakhulu emva kokugqunywa ngeceramic.

(2)Ukwaleka okudityanisiweyo kweNi-P eqatywe ngamachiza kunye neTiN yalungiswa ngokuqatywa kwangaphambili kweNi-P njengomaleko wenguqu kuze kufakwe iTiN.Uphononongo lubonisa ukuba ukuqina komphezulu wolu luhlu oluhlanganisiweyo kuphuculwe kwinqanaba elithile, kwaye i-coating idityaniswe ngcono kunye ne-substrate kwaye inokumelana nokunxiba okungcono.

(3) WC / C, B4C ifilimu ebhityileyo
M. Murakawa et al., iSebe lobuNjineli boBuchwephesha, iZiko leTekhnoloji laseJapan, lasebenzisa iteknoloji yePVD ukufaka ifilimu ye-WC/C ebhityileyo kumphezulu weegiya, kwaye ubomi bayo benkonzo babuphindwe kathathu kobuqhelekileyo obucinyiweyo kunye neegiya zomhlaba phantsi kweoyile- iimeko zokuthambisa zasimahla.UFranz J et al.isebenzise itekhnoloji ye-PVD yokufaka i-WC/C kunye ne-B4C ifilimu ecekethekileyo kumphezulu we-FEZ-A kunye neegiya ze-FEZ-C, kwaye ulingo lubonise ukuba i-PVD yokwambathisa yanciphisa kakhulu ukungqubana kwegiya, yenze ukuba igiya ingachaphazeleki kakhulu kukuncamathela okushushu okanye ukuncamathelisa, kunye nokuphucula umthamo wokuthwala umthwalo wegiya.

(4) Iifilimu ze-CrN
Iifilimu ze-CrN zifana neefilimu ze-TiN ngokuba zinobunzima obuphezulu, kwaye iifilimu ze-CrN zixhathisa i-oxidation yeqondo lokushisa eliphezulu kune-TiN, inokumelana nokugqwala okungcono, uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi olusezantsi kuneefilimu ze-TiN, kunye nokuqina okungcono.U-Chen Ling et ulungiselele ifilimu edityanisiweyo ye-TiAlCrN/CrN engagugiyo enefilimu esekwe ngokugqwesileyo kwibhondi kumphezulu we-HSS, kwaye ucebise ngethiyori yokupakisha yokupakisha ifilimu ye-multilayer, ukuba umahluko wamandla phakathi kweeleya ezimbini mkhulu, ukukhutshwa kuyenzeka. kwelinye umaleko kuya kuba nzima ukuwela ujongano lwayo kwelinye umaleko, ngaloo ndlela yenze i-dislocation stacking kwi-interface kunye nokudlala indima yokomeleza izinto.UZhong Bin et wafunda umphumo womxholo we-nitrogen kwisakhiwo sesigaba kunye neempawu zokunxiba ezikhuphisanayo zeefilimu ze-CrNx, kwaye uphando lubonise ukuba i-Cr2N (211) i-diffraction incopho kwiifilimu iyancipha ngokuthe ngcembe kwaye i-CrN (220) iphucula ngokuthe ngcembe ngokunyuka. kumxholo we-N2, amasuntswana amakhulu kumphezulu wefilimu aye ancipha kancinci kwaye umphezulu uthande ukuba mcaba.Xa i-aeration ye-N2 yayiyi-25 ml / min (injongo yomthombo we-arc yangoku yi-75 A, ifilimu ye-CrN egciniweyo inomgangatho ophezulu wendawo, ubunzima obuhle kunye nokuxhatshazwa okugqwesileyo kokugqoka xa i-N2 i-aeration i-25ml / min (i-target source arc current yi-75A, i-negative uxinzelelo yi-100V).

(5) Ifilimu enzima kakhulu
Ifilimu yeSuperhard yifilimu eyomeleleyo enobunzima obungaphezulu kwe-40GPa, ukuxhathisa okugqwesileyo kokunxiba, ukumelana nobushushu obuphezulu kunye ne-coefficient ephantsi ye-friction kunye ne-coefficient ephantsi yokwanda kwe-thermal, ngakumbi ifilimu yedayimani ye-amorphous kunye nefilimu ye-CN.Iifilimu zedayimani ze-amorphous zineempawu ze-amorphous, akukho luhlu olude oluyalelweyo, kwaye luqulethe inani elikhulu le-CC tetrahedral bonds, ngoko ke zibizwa ngokuba yi-tetrahedral amorphous carbon films.Njengohlobo lwefilimu ye-amorphous carbon, i-diamond-efana ne-diamond (i-DLC) ineempawu ezininzi ezintle ezifana nedayimani, ezifana ne-thermal conductivity ephezulu, ubunzima obuphezulu, i-modulus e-elastic ephezulu, i-coefficient ephantsi yokwandiswa kwe-thermal, ukuzinza okulungileyo kweekhemikhali, ukumelana nokunxiba kakuhle kunye i-coefficient ephantsi yokhuhlane.Kuye kwaboniswa ukuba ukugquma iifilimu ezinjengedayimane kwimigangatho yegiya kunokwandisa ubomi benkonzo nge-6 kunye nokuphucula kakhulu ukuxhathisa ukukhathala.Iifilimu ze-CN, ezikwabizwa ngokuba ziifilimu ze-amorphous carbon-nitrogen, zinesakhiwo sekristale esifana neso se-β-Si3N4 covalent compounds kwaye saziwa ngokuba yi-β-C3N4.ULiu noCohen et al.yenza izibalo ezingqongqo zethiyori kusetyenziswa izibalo zebhendi ye-pseudopotential ukusuka kumgaqo-siseko wendalo yokuqala, iqinisekisile ukuba i-β-C3N4 inamandla amakhulu okubopha, i-stable mechanical structure, ubuncinane enye i-sub-stable state ingaba khona, kwaye imodyuli yayo e-elastic ifaniswa nedayimane, ngeempawu ezintle, ezinokuphucula ngokufanelekileyo ubunzima bomhlaba kunye nokugqoka ukuchasana kwezinto kunye nokunciphisa i-friction coefficient.

(6) Enye i-alloyi ekwazi ukumelana nokwaleka umaleko
Ezinye ii-alloy ezigugileyo zokugquma zikhe zazanywa ukuba zisetyenziswe kwiigiya, umzekelo, ukubekwa kwe-Ni-P-Co ialloy layer kumphezulu wezinyo le-45 # iigiya zentsimbi ngumaleko we-alloy wokufumana intlangano yengqolowa ye-ultra-fine, enokwandisa ubomi ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1.144 ~ 1.533 amaxesha.Kwakhona kuye kwafundwa ukuba i-Cu metal layer kunye ne-Ni-W ingxube ye-alloy ifakwe kwi-tooth surface ye-Cu-Cr-P ye-alloy ye-iron gear yokuphucula amandla ayo;I-Ni-W kunye ne-Ni-Co i-alloy ye-alloy ifakwe kwindawo yezinyo le-HT250 yentsimbi yentsimbi ukuphucula ukuxhathisa ukunxiba ngamaxesha angama-4 ~ 6 xa kuthelekiswa nesixhobo esingafakwanga.