Ubuchwepheshe bokufaka igiya

Ubuchwepheshe bokufaka i-PVD buye baqhutshwa iminyaka eminingi njengobuchwepheshe obusha bokuguqula indawo, ikakhulukazi ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanganisa i-vacuum ion, obuthole intuthuko enkulu eminyakeni yamuva futhi manje busetshenziswa kabanzi ekwelapheni amathuluzi, isikhunta, izindandatho zepiston, amagiya nezinye izingxenye. .Amagiya amboziwe alungiselelwe ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanganisa i-vacuum ion angakwazi ukunciphisa kakhulu i-coefficient yokungqubuzana, athuthukise i-anti-wear kanye ne-anti-corrosion ethile, futhi abe indawo okugxilwe kuyo nendawo eshisayo yocwaningo emkhakheni wobuchwepheshe bokuqinisa igiya.

Izinto ezijwayelekile ezisetshenziselwa amagiya ikakhulukazi insimbi ebunjiwe, insimbi ecijile, insimbi ecijile, izinsimbi ezingenayo insimbi (ithusi, i-aluminium) namapulasitiki.Insimbi ngokuyinhloko iyinsimbi engu-45, 35SiMn, 40Cr, 40CrNi, 40MnB, 38CrMoAl.Insimbi enekhabhoni ephansi esetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ku-20Cr, 20CrMnTi, 20MnB, 20CrMnTo.Insimbi eyakhiwe isetshenziswa kabanzi kumagiya ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okungcono, kuyilapho insimbi ekhonjiwe ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amagiya anobubanzi> 400mm kanye nesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi.I-Cast iron gears anti-glue kanye nokumelana nomgodi, kepha ukuntuleka komthelela nokumelana nokugqoka, ikakhulukazi umsebenzi ozinzile, amandla akuwona isivinini esiphansi noma usayizi omkhulu nokuma okuyinkimbinkimbi, angasebenza ngaphansi kwesimo sokuntuleka kokugcotshwa, okufanelekile ukuvuleka. ukudluliswa.Izinsimbi ezingezona ezoni ezivame ukusetshenziswa ithusi eliwuthayela, i-aluminium-iron bronze kanye ne-casting aluminium alloy, evame ukusetshenziswa ekwenzeni izinjini zomoya noma amagiya, kodwa izakhiwo ezishelelayo nezivimbela ukungqubuzana azilungile, kuphela zomthwalo okhanyayo, ophakathi nendawo kanye nesivinini esiphansi. amagiya.Amagiya ezinto ezingezona ezensimbi asetshenziswa kakhulu kwezinye izinkambu ezinezidingo ezikhethekile, njengokugcotshwa kwamafutha angenawo uwoyela nokuthembeka okuphezulu.Umkhakha wezimo ezinjengokungcola okuphansi, njengempahla yasendlini, okokusebenza kwezokwelapha, imishini yokudla kanye nemishini yendwangu.

Izinto zokugqoka zegiya

Izinto ze-ceramic zobunjiniyela ziyizinto ezithembisayo kakhulu ezinamandla amakhulu nobulukhuni, ikakhulukazi ukumelana nokushisa okuhle kakhulu, ukuguquguquka okuphansi kwe-thermal kanye nokwanda okushisayo, ukumelana nokugqoka okuphezulu nokumelana ne-oxidation.Inani elikhulu lezifundo libonise ukuthi izinto ze-ceramic zimelana nokushisa ngokwemvelo futhi zinokuguga okuphansi ezinsimbi.Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ze-ceramic esikhundleni sezinto zensimbi zezingxenye ezingagugi kungathuthukisa impilo ye-friction sub, kungahlangabezana nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nezinto eziphakeme ezivimbela ukugqoka, izinto eziningi ezisebenzayo nezinye izidingo ezinzima.Njengamanje, izinto zokwakha ze-ceramic zobunjiniyela zisetshenziswe ekwenzeni izingxenye ezimelana nokushisa kwenjini, ukuhanjiswa kwemishini ezingxenyeni ezigugile, imishini yamakhemikhali ezingxenyeni ezimelana nokugqwala kanye nezingxenye zokuvala, ngokuya kukhombisa ukusetshenziswa okubanzi kwamathemba wezinto zobumba.

Amazwe athuthukile njengeJalimane, iJapane, i-United States, i-United Kingdom namanye amazwe abheka ukubaluleka okukhulu ekuthuthukisweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwezinto zokwakha ze-ceramic yobunjiniyela, ukutshala imali eningi kanye nabasebenzi ukuthuthukisa ithiyori yokucubungula kanye nobuchwepheshe bobunjiniyela be-ceramics.I-Germany yethule uhlelo olubizwa nge-“SFB442″, inhloso yalo okuwukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-PVD ukuze kuhlanganiswe ifilimu efanelekile ebusweni bezingxenye ukuze kuthathelwe indawo indawo yokugcoba engase ibe yingozi emvelweni nasemzimbeni womuntu.I-PW Gold kanye nabanye baseJalimane basebenzisa uxhaso lwe-SFB442 ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-PVD ukufaka amafilimu amancane ebusweni be-rolling bearings futhi bathola ukuthi ukusebenza okungahambisani nokugqoka kwama-rolling bearings kwathuthukiswa kakhulu futhi amafilimu afakwe phezulu angangena esikhundleni ngokuphelele. umsebenzi wezithasiselo zokulwa nokugqokwa kwengcindezi eyedlulele.Joachim, Franz et al.eJalimane yasebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-PVD ukuze ilungiselele amafilimu e-WC/C abonisa izici ezinhle kakhulu zokulwa nokukhathala, aphakeme kunalawo amakhemikhali aqukethe izithasiselo ze-EP, umphumela ofanayo oveza ithuba lokushintsha izithasiselo eziyingozi esikhundleni sezingubo zokumboza.E. Lugscheider et al.ye-Institute of Materials Science, Technical University of Aachen, Germany, ngoxhaso lwe-DFG (GermanResearch Commission), ibonise ukwanda okukhulu kokumelana nokukhathala ngemva kokufaka amafilimu afanelekile kunsimbi engu-100Cr6 kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-PVD.Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-United States General Motors isiqalile ifilimu yayo ye-VolvoS80Turbo yohlobo lwegiya lemoto ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukumelana nokubhoboza ukukhathala;inkampani edumile yaseTimken yethule igama elithi ES200 gear surface film;uphawu lokuhweba olubhalisiwe lwe-MAXIT lwegiya luvele eJalimane;uphawu lokuhweba olubhalisiwe i-Graphit-iC ne-Dymon-iC ngokulandelanayo I-Gear coatings enezimpawu zokuthengisa ezibhalisiwe i-Graphit-iC ne-Dymon-iC nayo iyatholakala e-UK.

Njengezingxenye ezibalulekile eziyisipele zokudluliswa kwemishini, amagiya adlala indima ebalulekile embonini, ngakho-ke kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi kubaluleke kakhulu ukutadisha ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zobumba kumagiya.Njengamanje, izitsha zobumba zobunjiniyela ezisetshenziswa kumagiya ngokuyinhloko yizi ezilandelayo.

1, TiN enamathela isendlalelo
1, TiN

I-ion coefficient TiN Ceramic layer ingenye yezingubo eziguquliwe ezisetshenziswa kakhulu endaweni enokuqina okuphezulu, amandla okunamathela okuphezulu, i-coefficient ephansi ye-friction, ukumelana nokugqwala okuhle, njll. Isetshenziswe kabanzi emikhakheni ehlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi embonini yamathuluzi nesikhunta.Isizathu esiyinhloko esithinta ukusetshenziswa kwe-ceramic coating kumagiya inkinga yokubopha phakathi kwe-ceramic coating ne-substrate.Njengoba izimo zokusebenza nezici ezinomthelela zamagiya ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunalezo zamathuluzi nezibunjwa, ukusetshenziswa kwe-TiN eyodwa ekwelapheni kwendawo yegiya kukhawulelwe kakhulu.Nakuba i-ceramic coefficient inezinzuzo zobulukhuni obuphezulu, i-coefficient ephansi ye-friction kanye nokumelana nokugqwala, i-brittle futhi inzima ukuthola i-coat ebanzi, ngakho idinga ubulukhuni obuphezulu kanye ne-substrate yamandla aphezulu ukusekela ukugqoka ukuze kudlale izici zayo.Ngakho-ke, i-ceramic coating isetshenziselwa kakhulu i-carbide ne-high-speed steel surface.Impahla yegiya ithambile uma iqhathaniswa ne-ceramic, futhi umehluko phakathi kwemvelo ye-substrate kanye ne-coating inkulu, ngakho-ke inhlanganisela ye-coating ne-substrate impofu, futhi ukumboza akwanele ukusekela ukugqoka, okwenza. ukugqoka okulula ukuwa ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa, akukwazi nje ukudlala izinzuzo ze-ceramic coating, kodwa izinhlayiya zokugqoka ze-ceramic eziwayo zizobangela ukuguga kwegiya, ukusheshisa ukulahlekelwa kokugqoka kwegiya.Isixazululo samanje ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha obuhlanganisiwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe isibopho phakathi kwe-ceramic ne-substrate.Ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha obuhlanganisiwe bubhekisela ekuhlanganisweni kokunamathiswa kokubeka umhwamuko kanye nezinye izinqubo zokwelashwa kwendawo noma okokuhlanganisa, kusetshenziswa izindawo/izindawo ezingaphansi ezimbili ezihlukene ukuze kulungiswe ingaphezulu lempahla engaphansi ukuze kutholwe izakhiwo eziyinhlanganisela ezingenakufezwa ngenqubo eyodwa yokwelapha engaphezulu. .I-TiN composite coating efakwe i-ion nitriding kanye ne-PVD ingenye yezingubo eziyinhlanganisela ezicwaningwe kakhulu.I-plasma nitriding substrate kanye ne-TiN ceramic composite coating inesibopho esiqinile futhi ukumelana nokugqokwa kuthuthukiswa kakhulu.

Ugqinsi olufanele lwesendlalelo sefilimu ye-TiN enokumelana okuhle nokugqokwa nokubopha kwesisekelo sefilimu cishe ku-3~4μm.Uma ubukhulu bengqimba yefilimu bungaphansi kwe-2μm, ukumelana nokugqoka ngeke kuthuthukiswe kakhulu.Uma ubukhulu bongqimba lwefilimu bungaphezu kuka-5μm, ukubopha kwesisekelo sefilimu kuzoncishiswa.

2, I-Multi-layer, i-TiN enezingxenye eziningi

Ngokusetshenziswa kancane kancane nangokusabalele kwezingubo ze-TiN, kunocwaningo olwengeziwe mayelana nendlela yokuthuthukisa nokuthuthukisa okunamathelayo kwe-TiN.Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ama-coatings anezingxenye eziningi kanye nama-multilayer coatings athuthukisiwe asekelwe ku-TiN kanambambili, njenge-Ti-CN, Ti-CNB, Ti-Al-N, Ti-BN, (Tix,Cr1-x)N, TiN. / Al2O3, njll. Ngokungeza izakhi ezifana ne-Al kanye ne-Si ku-TiN yokugqoka, ukumelana ne-oxidation ephezulu yokushisa nokuqina kwezingubo kungathuthukiswa, kuyilapho ukwengeza izakhi ezifana no-B kungathuthukisa ubulukhuni namandla okunamathela kwezingubo.

Ngenxa yobunkimbinkimbi bokuqanjwa kwezingxenye eziningi, kunezimpikiswano eziningi kulolu cwaningo.Ocwaningweni lwe-(Tix,Cr1-x)N multicomponent coatings, kukhona impikiswano enkulu emiphumeleni yocwaningo.Abanye abantu bakholelwa ukuthi (i-Tix,Cr1-x)N yokumboza isuselwe ku-TiN, futhi i-Cr ingaba khona kuphela ngendlela yokubuyisela isixazululo esiqinile ku-matrix yechashazi le-TiN, kodwa hhayi njengesigaba se-CrN esihlukile.Olunye ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi inani lama-athomu e-Cr angena esikhundleni ngokuqondile ama-athomu e-Ti ku-(Tix,Cr1-x)N yokumboza ilinganiselwe, futhi i-Cr esele ikhona kusimo esisodwa noma amafomu ahlanganiswe no-N. Imiphumela yokuhlola ibonisa ukuthi ukungezwa kwe-Cr kuya enamathela kunciphisa usayizi kuyizinhlayiyana ebusweni futhi kwandisa ubulukhuni, futhi ubulukhuni enamathela kufinyelela inani layo eliphakeme lapho amaphesenti mass Cr ifinyelela 3l%, kodwa ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi enamathela futhi ifinyelela inani layo eliphezulu.

3, Olunye ungqimba olunamathelayo

Ngaphezu kwezingubo ezivame ukusetshenziswa ze-TiN, izitsha zobumba zobunjiniyela eziningi zisetshenziselwa ukuqinisa indawo yamagiya.

(1)Y.Terauchi et al.yaseJapan yafunda ukumelana nokuguga okungqubuzanayo kwe-titanium carbide noma amagiya e-ceramic e-titanium nitride afakwe ngendlela yokubeka umhwamuko.Amagiya ashiswe futhi acwebezeliswa ukuze afinyelele ubulukhuni bobuso obucishe bube yi-HV720 kanye nobulukhuni obungaphezulu obungu-2.4 μm ngaphambi kokumbozwa, futhi izimbobo ze-ceramic zalungiswa nge-chemical vapor deposition (CVD) ye-titanium carbide kanye nokufaka umhwamuko obonakalayo (PVD) i-titanium nitride, enogqinsi lwefilimu ye-ceramic engaba ngu-2 μm.Izakhiwo zokugqoka ezingqubuzanayo zaphenywa lapho kukhona uwoyela nokungqubuzana okomile, ngokulandelana.Kutholwe ukuthi ukumelana ne-galling kanye nokumelana nokuklwebheka kwe-vice yegiya kwathuthukiswa kakhulu ngemuva kokumbozwa nge-ceramic.

(2)Inhlanganisela ye-Ni-P ne-TiN ehlanganiswe ngamakhemikhali yalungiswa ngokumbozwa kusengaphambili i-Ni-P njengongqimba olushintshayo bese kufakwa i-TiN.Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ubulukhuni bobuso balokhu kuhlanganiswa kwenhlanganisela buye kwathuthukiswa ngezinga elithile, futhi ukumboza kuhlanganiswe kangcono ne-substrate futhi kunokumelana kangcono nokugqoka.

(3) WC/C, B4C ifilimu elincanyana
M. Murakawa et al., Umnyango Wezobunjiniyela Bemishini, i-Japan Institute of Technology, wasebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-PVD ukufaka ifilimu elincanyana le-WC/C phezu kwamagiya, futhi ukuphila kwayo kwesevisi kwakuphindwe kathathu kunamagiya avamile acishiwe naphansi ngaphansi kwamafutha- izimo zokuthambisa zamahhala.UFranz J et al.isebenzise ubuchwepheshe be-PVD ukufaka ifilimu ye-WC/C ne-B4C encane ebusweni bamagiya e-FEZ-A ne-FEZ-C, futhi ucwaningo lwabonisa ukuthi ukumbozwa kwe-PVD kunciphise kakhulu ukungqubuzana kwegiya, kwenze igiya lancipha kalula ekuxhumekeni okushisayo noma ekuxhumekeni, futhi kwathuthukisa umthamo wokuthwala umthwalo wegiya.

(4) Amafilimu e-CrN
Amafilimu e-CrN afana namafilimu e-TiN ngoba anobulukhuni obuphezulu, futhi amafilimu e-CrN amelana kakhulu ne-oxidation yokushisa ephezulu kune-TiN, anokumelana nokugqwala okungcono, ukucindezeleka okuphansi kwangaphakathi kunamafilimu e-TiN, kanye nokuqina okungcono kakhulu.U-Chen Ling et ulungiselele ifilimu eyinhlanganisela engagugi ye-TiAlCrN/CrN enesibopho esihle kakhulu esisekelwe kufilimu ebusweni be-HSS, futhi wahlongoza nethiyori yesitaki sokuhlukaniswa kwefilimu yezingxenye eziningi, uma umehluko wamandla wokugudluka phakathi kwezingqimba ezimbili mkhulu, ukuhlehla kwenzeka. kwesinye isendlalelo kuzoba nzima ukweqa isikhombimsebenzisi saso singene kwesinye isendlalelo, ngaleyo ndlela kwakheka ukunqwabelana kokususa endaweni esibonakalayo futhi kudlale indima yokuqinisa izinto.U-Zhong Bin et ufunde umthelela wokuqukethwe kwe-nitrogen esakhiweni sesigaba kanye nezakhiwo ezigqokwayo zamafilimu e-CrNx, futhi ucwaningo lwabonisa ukuthi i-Cr2N (211) yokuphakama kwe-diffraction kumafilimu yaba buthakathaka kancane kancane futhi inani eliphakeme le-CrN (220) lathuthukiswa kancane kancane ngokwanda. kokuqukethwe kwe-N2, izinhlayiya ezinkulu endaweni yefilimu zancipha kancane kancane futhi indawo ithande ukuba isicaba.Lapho umoya we-N2 wawungu-25 ml/min (umthombo ohlosiwe we-arc wamanje wawungu-75 A, ifilimu ye-CrN efakiwe inezinga eliphezulu eliphezulu, ukuqina okuhle nokumelana okuhle nokugqokwa lapho umoya we-N2 ungu-25ml/min (umthombo ohlosiwe we-arc wamanje ngu-75A, negative. ingcindezi ingu-100V).

(5) Ifilimu eqinile
Ifilimu ye-Superhard ifilimu eqinile enobulukhuni obungaphezu kwe-40GPa, ukumelana okuhle kakhulu kokugqokwa, ukumelana nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kanye ne-coefficient ephansi ye-friction kanye ne-coefficient ephansi yokwandisa okushisayo, ikakhulukazi ifilimu yedayimane ye-amorphous nefilimu ye-CN.Amafilimu edayimane e-amorphous anezakhiwo ze-amorphous, azikho isakhiwo esi-oda sebanga elide, futhi aqukethe inani elikhulu lamabhondi e-CC tetrahedral, ngakho abizwa nangokuthi amafilimu e-tetrahedral amorphous carbon.Njengohlobo lwefilimu ye-amorphous carbon, i-diamond-like coating (DLC) inezinto eziningi ezinhle kakhulu ezifana nedayimane, njengokuhamba okuphezulu kwe-thermal, ukuqina okuphezulu, i-modulus ephezulu yokunwebeka, i-coefficient ephansi yokwanda okushisayo, ukuzinza okuhle kwamakhemikhali, ukumelana nokugqokwa okuhle kanye i-coefficient ephansi ye-friction.Kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi ukumboza amafilimu afana nedayimane endaweni yegiya kunganweba impilo yesevisi ngesilinganiso esingu-6 futhi kuthuthukise kakhulu ukumelana nokukhathala.Amafilimu e-CN, aziwa nangokuthi amafilimu e-amorphous carbon-nitrogen, anesakhiwo sekristalu esifana nesezinhlanganisela ze-β-Si3N4 covalent futhi aziwa nangokuthi yi-β-C3N4.U-Liu no-Cohen et al.yenza izibalo eziqinile zethiyori kusetshenziswa izibalo zebhendi ezingamanga kusukela kusimiso sokuqala semvelo, yaqinisekisa ukuthi i-β-C3N4 inamandla amakhulu okubopha, ukwakheka komshini ozinzile, okungenani isimo esisodwa esizinzile singaba khona, futhi imodulus yayo enwebekayo iqhathaniswa nedayimane, ngezakhiwo ezinhle, ezingathuthukisa ngokuphumelelayo ubulukhuni bobuso nokugqoka ukumelana kwezinto futhi kunciphise i-coefficient yokungqubuzana.

(6) Olunye ungqimba lwe-alloy olungagugi
Ezinye izimbotshana ezingagugi ukumelana ne-alloy nazo ziye zazanywa ukuthi zisetshenziswe kumagiya, ngokwesibonelo, ukubekwa kwe-Ni-P-Co ingxubevange ungqimba phezu kwezinyo 45 # amagiya ensimbi ungqimba lwe-alloy ukuthola inhlangano yokusanhlamvu okuhle kakhulu, okunganweba ukuphila kufike izikhathi ezingu-1.144 ~ 1.533.Kuphinde kwacutshungulwa ukuthi ungqimba lwensimbi ye-Cu kanye ne-Ni-W alloy coating kusetshenziswa endaweni yezinyo le-Cu-Cr-P alloy cast iron gear ukuze kuthuthukiswe amandla ayo;I-Ni-W ne-Ni-Co alloy coating isetshenziswa endaweni yezinyo le-HT250 cast iron gear ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukumelana nokugqokwa izikhathi ezingu-4 ~ 6 uma kuqhathaniswa negiya elingamboziwe.